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Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder showing strong HMGB1 positivity of all tumor cells.

Staining Pattern in Normal Tissues

Manual protocol

Freshly cut sections should be used (less than 10 days between cutting and staining). Heat-induced antigen retrieval for 5 minutes in an autoclave at 121°C in pH 7,8 Target Retrieval Solution buffer. Apply HMV317 at a dilution of 1:200 at 37°C for 60 minutes. Visualization of bound antibody by the EnVision Kit (Dako, Agilent) according to the manufacturer’s directions.

Brain
CerebrumNuclear HMGB1 staining occurs primarily in glia cells and in vessels. Neurons are largely HMGB1 negative.
CerebellumNuclear HMGB1 staining occurs in glia cells and it is strongest in granule cells. Purkinje cells are largely negative.
Endocrine tissues
ThyroidSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
ParathyroidStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
Adrenal glandSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
Pituitary glandEpithelial cells of the adenohypophysis are largely negative. In the neurohypophysis, pituicytes only show a faint HMGB1 positivity.
Respiratory system
Respiratory epitheliumSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells. Among epithelia, HMGB1 staining is most intense in basal cells.
LungStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
Gastrointestinal tract
Salivary glandsSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
EsophagusHMGB1 staining intensity is strongest in the basal and suprabasal cell layers and continuously decreases towards the superficial cell layers.
StomachSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
DuodenumSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all epithelial and inflammatory cells. HMGB1 staining is somewhat weaker in Brunner glands.
Small intestineSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
AppendixSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
ColonSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells. Staining intensity is higher in the crypt base than in the surface epithelium.
RectumSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells. Staining intensity is higher in the crypt base than in the surface epithelium.
Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
LiverSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells. Staining is particularly high in bile ducts and rather low in hepatocytes.
GallbladderSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
PancreasSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
Genitourinary
KidneySignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells. Staining is particularly low in tubuli (especially proximal) and highest in collecting ducts and glomeruli.
UrotheliumStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of all urothelial cell layers.
Male tissues
ProstateSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells. Staining is particularly low in acinar cells and highest in basal cells.
Seminal VesiclesSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells. Among epithelial cells, HMGB1 staining is more intense in basal than in luminal cells.
TestisSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of Sertoli and Leydig cells. HMGB1 staining is weaker in the germ cells where the staining level gradually decreases with maturation from spermatogonia to spermatocytes and spermatids (which are negative).
EpididymisSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells. In the corpus, HMGB1 staining is more intense in basal than in chief cells.
Female tissues
BreastSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells. HMGB1 positivity is strongest in basal and luminal epithelial cells.
Uterus, myometriumSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
Uterus, ectocervixHMGB1 staining intensity is strongest in the basal and suprabasal cell layers and continuously decreases towards the superficial cell layers.
Uterus, endocervixSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
Uterus, endometriumStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of epithelial and stromal cells. Staining of epithelial cells may be markedly less intense during the secretion phase.
Fallopian tubeStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
OvaryStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of stromal cells but HMGB1 staining is only faint in the corpus luteum.
Placenta earlySignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
Placenta matureSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
AmnionModerate to strong nuclear HMGB1 staining of amnion cells.
ChorionStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of chorion cells.
Skin
EpidermisHMGB1 staining intensity is strongest in the basal and suprabasal cell layers. It continuously decreases towards the superficial cell layers.
Sebaceous glandsSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining of all cells.
Muscle, connective & soft tissues
Heart muscleNuclear HMGB1 staining is only weak in heart muscle cells.
Skeletal muscleStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining.
Smooth muscleSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining.
Vessel wallsSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining.
FatStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining.
StromaSignificant nuclear HMGB1 staining.
EndotheliumStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining.
Bone marrow & lymphoid tissues
Bone marrowIntense nuclear HMGB1 staining of virtually all cells of the hematopesis.
Lymph nodeStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of virtually all cells of the immune system.
SpleenStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of virtually all cells of the immune system.
ThymusStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of virtually all cells of the immune system. HMBG1 labeling was weaker in corpuscles of Hassall’s, especially in their central areas.
TonsilStrong nuclear HMGB1 staining of virtually all cells of the immune system. A significant HMGB1 staining also occurs in the squamous epithelium where the staining intensity continuously decreases towards the top layers.
Remarks

HMGB1

(HMV317)

HMGB1 is a multifunctional nuclear protein also acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP) in the extracellular space.

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HMGB1 (HMV317)
€295.00

Details

Type
Recombinant Rabbit monoclonal / IgG
Clone
HMV317
Reactivity
Human

More product details

Biology behind

High-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) is a protein consisting of 215 amino acid residues which is coded by the HMGB1 gene on chromosome 13q12.3. High-Mobility Group (HMG) chromosomal proteins are the most significant nuclear non-histone proteins in humans. As all other members of the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group protein family, HMGB1 is a chromatin-associated protein which is ubiquitously distributed in human cells. HMGB1 is the second most abundant protein (after histone) inside the nucleus. It exerts multiple functions in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and in the extracellular space. In the nucleus, HMGB1 plays a role in the maintenance of nucleosome structure, as well as the regulation of DNA replication, transcription, and repair. HMGB1 increases the binding affinity of many transcription factors (for example: p53, Rb, NF-κB, estrogen receptor) to their target DNA sequences. Probably due to its ability to specifically bind to damaged DNA sequences, HMGB1 contributes to the early stage of DNA repair. In the extracellular space, HMGB1 acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP) that mediates inflammation and immune responses. In case of tissue damage, HMGB1 is released through active secretion of HMGB1 from monocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells (DC), platelets, and endothelial cells or by passive release from the nuclei of necrotic cells. Extracellular HMGB1 is thought to contribute to various conditions, including sepsis, atherosclerosis, arthritis, neurodegeneration, meningitis, and cancer. Therapeutic options to regulate HMGB1 in preclinical models are being evaluated.    Suggested reading: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8104204/

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